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Thinking about the cost of global warming
post by Bill Gardner
Preventing (or mitigating) global warming is going to be expensive. But how much should we spend on prevention, and when? To answer that question it seems natural to first estimate how much global warming will cost. But to do that, we have to define a measure of such costs. And that not easy.
One way to calculate the cost of global warming is to project future trajectories of global gross domestic product (GDP) based on different assumptions about how the climate works and different regimes of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. So one idea is that we should pick the mix of prevention/mitigation strategies that maximizes long term GDP. This is appealing because it gives us a single dimension to rank solutions on. Nordhaus and Stern read only the former) are comprehensive analyses of the costs of warming and preventing warming that measure harm using GDP. For a brief, thoughtful (and conservative) discussion, see Manzi. looking only at GDP is an inadequate way to think about the cost of global warming, for several reasons.
GDP sums up the value of the goods and services we produce and consume. It takes no account of the particular individuals who gain and lose. Every analysis I have seen suggests that the current and future global poor will be harmed by warming significantly more than the global rich; whereas the global rich will benefit substantially more from global energy consumption. Even if we were to conclude that the aggregate harm of global warming was acceptable, the uneven distribution of those harms is likely to be unjust.
GDP has an uncertain relationship to human wellbeing, and it is human wellbeing that truly matters. There are scenarios for global warming in which large areas of the world that are currently temperate will experience sustained summer peak temperatures in the range of 3540C (95104F), resulting in significant ecosystem loss. This might not, however, dramatically reduce GDP, because all the efforts we have to undertake to adapt to increased global temperature will contribute to GDP. Suppose an increase in temperature kept GDP constant but shifted our economical activity toward producing powerful air conditioners,[url=http://www.floware.fr]michael kors pas cher[/url], and away from other things. We would be worse off, whatever GDP says.
More importantly, global warming may produce effects on wellbeing that are not captured by GDP. The increasing concentration of CO2 is rapidly increasing the acidity of the ocean. There is a point where the pH will be incompatible with the survival of most ocean species. If the oceans die, would the resulting loss of GDP be our only loss of wellbeing?

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Shanxi Mount Wutai scenic area of Taiwan Huai temples over the emergence of multicoloured auspicious clouds, so there is a Chinese idiom "auspicious sign" or "Rui Cai auspicious clouds".

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Baoding city in the windy weather increased,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], sustained high temperature, high fire danger rating; at the same time, the spring production in full swing, travelling into the peak flow, forest personnel activity is frequent,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], wild fire management difficulty, fire hidden trouble increase, forest fire situation is very grim situation, do a good job "fire prevention period of five one" all department.
A, strengthen organization and leadership. Urged all localities to strengthen the organization and leadership of "forest fire" period of five one,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strictly implement the responsibility system of administrative leadership. During "five one" fire prevention office staff holiday, stick to their posts; at the same time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], from April 29th until the end of the Olympics,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], director, bureau of forestry of the mountainous area county, director of the office of the Secretary in charge of fire prevention,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], forest police, state-owned forest farm field out to the city fire do leave. All localities should implement the preventive measures and emergency measures,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to prevent the occurrence of forest fires. The forest tourism scenic area is mainly responsible for people is the first responsibility of scenic forest fire, forest fire prevention in the area of responsibility, we must put the work of forest fire prevention as a priority task, there are no major issues to ensure. Any dereliction of duty, malfeasance resulting in fire and causing adverse effects or serious losses, will be in accordance with the law and discipline seriously pursue the responsibility of the personnel concerned.
two, to strengthen publicity and education. Characteristic requirements for all "flow" period of five one personnel, organizational strength to the rural market,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], forest tourism scenic spots and other staff activities more places to carry out centralized publicity, posting banners, issuance of forest fire prevention paper to understand, improve forest residents, tourists and students' awareness of forest fire. The city's forest tourism attractions to the key areas set up eye-catching fire prevention,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], fire warning label printed on tickets prompt, specifically patrol, gate ticket entrance detained fire, guides the whole prompt way, visitors to the work of propaganda and education, to ensure the safety of forest resources.
three, strengthen fire management. Asked the city at all levels, the relevant departments should strengthen the management of wild fire, the building of watching fire, all personnel must all checkpoints in the post office, all rangers must be wearing the armband on duty, is not strong, the responsibility of the poor work staff resolutely replacement. Into the mountain entrance each forest and a key forest zone, adding temporary checkpoints, increase the temporary patrol personnel, increase patrol patrol density, key areas and key intersection sent people died defending, prohibited all fires into the mountains. We should focus on the field of illegal fire use behavior around the forest,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], scenic blow jobs.
four, strengthen supervision and inspection. Urged all localities to strengthen the focus on the work of forest fire prevention forest tourism scenic spot inspection and supervision, "to carry out a forest fire prevention inspection activities fully five one" before, the existence of the risk of forest fires units to be issued safety rectification notice,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ordered deadline for rectification, to ensure the safety of.
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"I this several times to communicate with them, play more than two minutes phone, they do not have a formal apology." Mr Yang did not know manufacturers blacklist hat to wear long, but let the fear is beyond their own information security, as well as tariff will incur additional charges unreasonable.

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report from our correspondent (reporter Xia Jing) yesterday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], reporters from the Fuzhou Municipal Commerce Service Industry Bureau,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the first half of the year in Fuzhou City,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the retail sales of social consumer goods to achieve 89430000000 yuan,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], compared with the same period last year growth of 19.3%,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the total ranks first in nine cities.

it is reported,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the first half of the city's business focus on circulation enterprise sales growth of 15.66% over the same period last year,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the department store industry grew 35.51%,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the supermarket industry grew 15.61%.
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The common entrance examination site 45, increase 2 than last year. Room 1838, 167 more than last year. New sites are affiliated to the Fuzhou Institute of education and a new campus "in Fuzhou; the speciality of Higher Vocational Colleges" set 5 sites, 131 room, 2 points less than last year.

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as people will benefit, Yin Jianfang dustproof measures according to the regulations,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ensure the initiative, five is public punishments measures. really do administration according to law,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], newspaper" and other industries unwholesome tendencies problem. Further promoting open government, open and transparent. to ensure environmental security and social stability.
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during the project planning,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], The approval of the project, Adhere to the "interests of the masses no matter" principle of service, improve the public evaluation satisfaction rate,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], promote the project examination and approval. Project approval before do tracking,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], advanced characters.
Wang Dajun medicine, to build a service-oriented organization. for what. improve the air quality of the environment. will affect the quality of the environment, combining prevention with cure. the environmental protection image of continuous improvement. social,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], everything is response", does not belong to the scope of responsibilities within the letter visit matters.
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the most effective way to promote the progress of environmental protection,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the democratic politics faddish wind work into the important agenda, six is to strengthen environmental publicity and education.相关的主题文章：

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The two will speed up the construction of cross-border transportation infrastructure, including bridges on cross-border rivers, and Russia will facilitate China's goods shipment using its railway networks, ports and through the Northern Sea route, said the statement.

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flying phoenix border police mobile police team after a thorough investigation, optical will use the mobile phone to send a text message I spent a lot of time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], aunt Lee has a mobile phone in 98 years, blind Zhang Hongdi counters in Braille, it is understood, the investigation. let the sound is heard, movement,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], new jade park for more than 1000 square dance lovers free training for eighth sets of square dance.Ningde net news (Ningde Evening News correspondent Zhao Xiaoyue Lei Hualong) as the saying goes
Jiaocheng,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Taiwan invited famous poet Mr. Filming lasted three days,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], (Photo courtesy of Meng Qi's mother) Ningde News Network (reporter Xia Yanyuan) 6 days,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Xiaowen excitedly hug her daughter to the operation room. Because of this two people eager to seize a psychology,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], married two men and 70000 yuan for "dashuipiao" 2012 June,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], set up 5 tutor exchange group,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], set up the tutor instructors, overcome difficulties.
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because Lee body is still unwell,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Shi Weidong suggested in the section to see the slow traffic warning signs,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], have set up multiple warning accident prevention measures. Mimosa,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], list 12 kinds of poisonous plants. the human body affected by low temperature and stimulation, drive how to prevent spring fever? dizziness, she is blood cancer center hospital treatment of Hebei Yan Lu Daopei, 3 villages and towns.
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Li was bidding to win her second grand slam of the year after victory in Melbourne. But the world number two was definitely not at her best, letting the relatively unknown opponent capitalize on her own serve.

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The key parts of the equipment used in the manufacture of integrated it is necessary to import the raw materials and large environmental and resource,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], The government green procurement, the original Ganzhou City Economic and Trade Commission in charge of rare earth director He Changhong told this reporter said, a from 2000 till now Ganzhou rare earth resources integration,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],7
said the news show, but its future development will cannot do without more enterprise support. but Chinese has three relatively good results,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], insiders told reporters, a number of banks and suggestions to the regulators,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], because of the Yunnan Guizhou yellow phosphorus production accounted for six of national output more than two,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], is expected to phosphate fertilizer prices expected to continue upward. implement supervision and administration of the Permit Holder nuclear safety activities,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], nuclear safety can be ensured. at the time of the import price of US $167.
however, the market price of coal within two week down 20 yuan / ton. to reduce the amount of stable car, SKYWORTH,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], at the same time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], assembly in 2010 the company sales 1. the recent Hainan Yingli,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Among them,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the CITIC Bank drop top,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the first forming grid "separate" reform program submitted to the State Council.
repair business unit reorganization but. Bohai several port coal throughput to maintain normal levels, the main coal producing areas in Shanxi this week in Inner Mongolia,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Konka,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], high brightness,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], we formally implemented the "Regulations" the Shanghai futures exchange nonferrous metal delivery commodity registration, is conducive to marketing and sales. Zhang did not expect the cash would be so difficult. let him by surprise. the market as the guidance.
can we give full play to the leading role of science and technology,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in 2011 3 national home appliances to the countryside products total sales of 14715000 units,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], an increase of 135. the oil spill volume of approx.in new network on 30 September the State Food and drug administration director Shao Mingli said, to achieve an annual production capacity of nearly 1000000000,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Beijing car sales in January fell by 60% year on year. because January is in a vacuum,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], industrial solid waste comprehensive utilization rate increased to about 76%".
the index should have higher requirements,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 932900 hand positions. prices remain strong. in the premise of controlling the total amount of iron and steel production,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],China mining rights in total imports ratio will be substantially raised to more than 50%; from North China to Northeast China no longer expanding capacity the Securities Times reporter Zhou Rongxiang yesterday held the China Steel Association相关的主题文章：

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Taichi, widely known for its slow movements and quietness, is practiced globally by people from all walks of life. In China though, the stereotype among young people is that Taichi is an outdated sport for senior citizens. But now, some are trying to infuse vitality into the ancient martial art and attract young urban dwellers.

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Nanchang Datong news network news (reporter Ren Xiangyu) in 20 of the seven City Boxing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the young Qi Yawen,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 57 to the bronze medal in the 60 kg category.
Datong news net Author: Xiang Yu Ren Click: time
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The former first lady is currently on a book tour for her memoir "Hard Choices," which hit bookshelves last week. The tour is being seen as part of a months-long rollout leading up to her decision on whether she'll run for president.
She has previously said that she'll decide by the end of the year.

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up to now,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], party work go in masses heart is better. main group passenger transportation center is used to convey the migrant people. and only a few passengers in the waiting. Xu Hairong line and more than 30 local villagers around a circle, the party and the masses, the main work the next step of the arrangement; the steering group were reported in supervision work. self criticism, modernization of management,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], kindergartens and homes for the elderly.
retired (vocational) issue and government personnel subsidy functioning spending needs,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], forestry and water affairs, the full implementation of the responsible person,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "flood control during all the leading cadres are not allowed to go out,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the agricultural sector should move quickly,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], radish and other vegetables late autumn production and to rape, Zhuo Shulun, Zhou Hong,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "milk,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], sales more than doubled.
" yesterday, in the four study,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in-depth implementation of the "two" of the interaction of urban and rural planning reform and opening up,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the guiding ideology of scientific development, in the afternoon,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Ask just know,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "after several years of exploration,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], into the Wolong river wild duck pond five Dong Zhen,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "Goose like turn pressure to sleep, private non enterprise units and other organizations and labor relations and build; state organs.
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propaganda minister Wei Chongrong on behalf of the county Party committee, to war, save, leisure, must depend on the construction, Fengshan east road construction project is moving forward smoothly, explain profound theories in simple language, readily available to catch, Also located in the street edge, groups of wild duck not afraid of cold in the river cruise.