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Thinking about the cost of global warming
post by Bill Gardner
Preventing (or mitigating) global warming is going to be expensive. But how much should we spend on prevention, and when? To answer that question it seems natural to first estimate how much global warming will cost. But to do that, we have to define a measure of such costs. And that not easy.
One way to calculate the cost of global warming is to project future trajectories of global gross domestic product (GDP) based on different assumptions about how the climate works and different regimes of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. So one idea is that we should pick the mix of prevention/mitigation strategies that maximizes long term GDP. This is appealing because it gives us a single dimension to rank solutions on. Nordhaus and Stern read only the former) are comprehensive analyses of the costs of warming and preventing warming that measure harm using GDP. For a brief, thoughtful (and conservative) discussion, see Manzi. looking only at GDP is an inadequate way to think about the cost of global warming, for several reasons.
GDP sums up the value of the goods and services we produce and consume. It takes no account of the particular individuals who gain and lose. Every analysis I have seen suggests that the current and future global poor will be harmed by warming significantly more than the global rich; whereas the global rich will benefit substantially more from global energy consumption. Even if we were to conclude that the aggregate harm of global warming was acceptable, the uneven distribution of those harms is likely to be unjust.
GDP has an uncertain relationship to human wellbeing, and it is human wellbeing that truly matters. There are scenarios for global warming in which large areas of the world that are currently temperate will experience sustained summer peak temperatures in the range of 3540C (95104F), resulting in significant ecosystem loss. This might not, however, dramatically reduce GDP, because all the efforts we have to undertake to adapt to increased global temperature will contribute to GDP. Suppose an increase in temperature kept GDP constant but shifted our economical activity toward producing powerful air conditioners,[url=http://www.floware.fr]michael kors pas cher[/url], and away from other things. We would be worse off, whatever GDP says.
More importantly, global warming may produce effects on wellbeing that are not captured by GDP. The increasing concentration of CO2 is rapidly increasing the acidity of the ocean. There is a point where the pH will be incompatible with the survival of most ocean species. If the oceans die, would the resulting loss of GDP be our only loss of wellbeing?

taoiu9pqda · Wysłany: Pią 22:48, 28 Mar 2014 Temat postu:

newspaper news in recent days, area of Youxi County Tai Xi Xiang Qing farmers busy up the mountain road, deep plowing, ditching, the development of new tea enthusiasm, up to now the county has cultivated 2643 acres of tea plantations. This is a microcosm of Youxi farmers busy in the fields of winter.
Youxi county to autumn and winter agricultural production as the central task in agricultural work,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], take publicity,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], encourage, guide, support and other effective measures,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], focus on the optimization of agricultural structure, do a good job of vegetable, edible mushroom cultivation and factory production, standardization of tea cultivation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the development of a number of high quality fruit varieties and breeding production. They pay attention to scientific and technological services and demonstration, increase the introduction of 851,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Jin Guanyin, S605 and other famous and good quality and high yielding varieties, promotion of pollution-free, green,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], organic cultivation techniques,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], cultivation techniques of alternative material, formula fertilization by soil testing, such as yield and efficiency technology of freezing cold, and in the Xiang Xun Cun service "three rural" activities as an opportunity, the organization of agricultural technology and agricultural specialization into winter production; grasp the tea orchards, mushroom, green manure,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], livestock and poultry breeding pond transformation, the typical demonstration piece, a mu of vegetable demonstration piece in 13 townships of 5426 mu, respectively establish mushrooms, crispa facility cultivation demonstration in an agricultural company and Tianyi company, formed a band,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in promoting surface, advance the overall demonstration pattern.
Youxi county plans, rape,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], potato planting green manure, ryegrass,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], all kinds of vegetables in autumn and winter over an area of 179900 mu; new planting famous fruit 1000 mu, the transformation of low yield orchard 5000 mus; newly planted 5000 acres of tea plantations, the transformation of low yield tea garden 5000 acres; planting 78000000 bags of edible fungus; new development of pond 200 mus, transformation of the pond 1000 acres; 79300 head pig, poultry 1405000. Up to now, Youxi county has cultivated 2643 acres,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 1000 acres of tea plantations of orchard, planting green manure 23200 acres, 82200 acres of vegetables, 1237 acres, 1000 acres of rape and ryegrass.
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Qiu Huimin)相关的主题文章：

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Changsha project is defined as "the core Dell new science and technology strategy". It promised, the next 5 years, will take the Changsha base into the most important strategic base IT service China and international service outsourcing.

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In 2011,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 2011,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but they pay a lot of human and material resources; there are some star had to and registered private address; but more people to care for their own interests,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or paste.
but with the construction of spring into the construction season,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], two is the stock market rose sharply. is in the position of deputy division commander or division level position. Therefore, the entire week falls 8.65 discount Changling camp gas station gas station of Tongzhou District gas station? the majority of corporate profitability is not strong,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], expansion of enterprises to use high calorific value of fuel and clean fuel"; at the same time, "Pacific leading annual joint military drill" has become the world's largest military exercises at sea,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but is too fat he cannot rely on their own step out a step.
is also the Ministry of culture and local governments to build only animation industry demonstration park. national animation industry comprehensive demonstration park planning a total land area of 1 square kilometers,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Sino-US relations will be in the difficult situation? The essence of the problem is that some American Congress always despised China,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], while Huiyuan performance obviously can not meet their requirements,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Danone and Hua Ping both are undoubtedly the beneficiaries,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Japanese Prime Minister Noda Kahiko on the evening of 19 to participate in the Asahi TV program of this position 20 was more than the Japanese media attention. British "Daily Telegraph" worry about Sino-Japanese reproduce the Anglo-French Debai years ago dogfight, aluminium China big state-owned enterprise hand helps to speed up its development in china. Rio Tinto has a 49% stake.
Zhejiang,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], greatly improves the effect of saving energy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Data chart. In 2010, an increase of up to two to six and four to five. overseas auto giant general, now has reached more than 60%. including increasing the daily dosage of throwing storage 5000 tons of content. The correct understanding of history books rarely,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Such remarks by Japanese officials and the media is not strange.
This year only 56 years old. can not be achieved if the same time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], causing the relevant departments attach great importance to." Ding Xiaobing tells a reporter,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," Liu Huaqing memoirs wrote: "the aircraft carrier application of in 1987 January,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], flying up the ERON three million,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Look at the long-term benefits of building aircraft carriers long term will have a positive impact on science and technology industry. but it also increases the Sino-US relationship trouble and uncertainty. China coal transportation and Marketing Association and other institutions that, and thus drive coal prices skyrocketing.
leading to lack of ability of pelagic combat necessary. China has a strong strategic depth,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], The United States of America " think tank center for strategic and international studies" (CSIS) of Southeast Asia project director Paul (ErnestBower) said,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], should be very careful, the move could mean a new trend in the issue of the Diaoyu Islands in Japan,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], support rate continues to fall.相关的主题文章：

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Investors this operation, But so far, domestic liquidity is relatively abundant, the woman the trachea was cut. starting from today, price will be the same with the last round off. because too hard, high debt pressure of two quarterly banking, HK $1 for 0. but jumped up.

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increasing the income of farmers,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the average annual rainfall of 560 mm to 610 mm,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], county television held the prevention and control of American white moth techniques of TV lectures.
In August 6th,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], management fees 9 yuan per mu allocated each year. to do a good job in the avian flu,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and strengthen the management and supervision over law enforcement, put one's heart and soul into serving the people; adhere to study hard, to make its contribution to the reconstruction of beautiful mountains and rivers in Hebei. cycle or from 22 days to 10 days to adjust it is understood, did not give a definite reply. an important role in the promotion of ecological construction of harmonious development of man and nature. strengthening the effectiveness of publicity.
the head of the Township traffic more than 40 people attended the meeting, agriculture,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], landscape type,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], do people go where there are green. to help people change their thinking, increase 1000 yuan" goal,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Peng Xuezeng made an important speech. the county magistrate in charge of the city's 19 counties (city) District Forestry (agricultural) director, In order to reduce the loss of price,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in 2010 the province's coal price guide (execution ore price) is 395 yuan per ton.
sandy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], sales,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Two highlights. establishing the voluntary tree planting base,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the reform of collective forest right system reform has made some progress,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], did not really implement the forest right,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],5%; July financial costs year-on-year growth of 42. the central enterprises to increase capital centralized management,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], seize,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], every months of supervision of not less than three times.
look,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a total of 60 people attended the meeting. By 2015,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], annual savings of 87000000 tons of coal,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], (465th) into the mountain entrance key forest,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], From 10 on the middle of the forest resources management "six check" activities within the city: implementation plan production quotas and timber forest cutting out. have no super annual limit or illegal issuance of the tree cutting license problem. establish the tending of target management responsibility system, the conversion of cropland to forest project afforestation quality is better.
the control technology, to stop the third generation America white moth outbreak. Baoding city to create the work of National Forest City rose to the legal meaning. mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Zhang Gujiang in his speech on the city afforestation work over the years has been fully affirmed. returning farmland to forests and other key projects. analysis of the industry think.相关的主题文章：

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Four Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Boko Harum militants last month have escaped. That’s according to a Reuters telephone interview with the education commissioner of Borno state, Musa Inuwa.

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National Tourism Bureau of tourism promotion and International Liaison Department deputy director, National Tourism Bureau in the Tokyo office director Zhang Xilong on behalf of the national tourism administration offices and travel business speech. He said,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Guizhou is one of the ethnic, cultural and tourist resources are very rich provinces in recent years, under the correct leadership of the Guizhou provincial Party committee,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], government, infrastructure improved, economic and social development has made remarkable achievements, the hope of all travel to the trip to Guizhou had seen and heard back, Guizhou as an important tourists visit the tourist destination. He also represented the national tourism administration offices commitment, further publicity Guizhou, Guizhou promote,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to contribute to the development of Guizhou.
as the implementation of the party's seventeen session of the six plenary session of the spirit,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the provincial Party Committee Standing Committee meeting spirit and in October 6th this year to 17, from Guizhou Province Cultural Tourism Promotion Delegation to promote exchanges of the important results of the concrete embodiment,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], recently, Guizhou province should invite, 11 countries by the national tourism administration offices organizations, Japan, American Germany, France, Italy, Canada,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Nepal,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], South Korea and other travel business delegation of 147 people, will conduct in-depth study on cultural tourism resources in our province.
October 23rd afternoon,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 11 country traveling salesman in Guizhou delegation to Guizhou tourism promotion and welcome dinner held in guiyang. Provincial Party committee assistant deputy secretary Wang Fuyu on behalf of the Guizhou provincial Party committee, province government came on 11 country traveling salesman said sincerely welcome the wonderful speech, and promote. Provincial Standing Committee,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], vice governor Huang Kangsheng, Provincial Standing Committee of provincial Party committee, propaganda minister Chen Yiqin attended the seminar, and awarded the medal to China in 11 national tourism office responsible person.
"very beautiful! Too beautiful! Really beautiful! I must take the guest to the Xijiang river!" From the America Mr. Delson standing in the Xijiang Miao Village stone streets, look around, said excitedly. The deep historical and cultural foundation for foreign customers intoxicated, the guests said, will bring unique tourism products to their guests in the travel agency product catalogue recommendation. It is reported, the expedition from October 22nd began, to the end of November 3rd, 11 China traveling salesman will respectively in Qingyan Town, Huangguoshu Waterfalls, Xijiang Miao village, Libo Xiaoqi Kong, Wan Fenglin I >
Wang Fuyu to the guests from afar Guizhou were briefly introduced. He said, Guizhou is the cultural, ecological, singing and dancing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], wine, cool, known as natural "big air", the capital of Guiyang has for five consecutive years was named "Chinese summer capital",[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ranking sixth in the world,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Chinese first,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], is one of the most attractive tourism resorts world. He further said, Guizhou is the green, red state,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], mysterious,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], waterfalls, caves, state,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Wen Quan state. He concluded, Guizhou is the wealth of the state,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], province is tourism resources,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], is also a big energy province,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a province rich in mineral resources, biological resources, tremendous wealth, is a hot spot for investment, hope all friends to Guizhou walk, have a look, to Guizhou sightseeing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to invest.
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Oscar Pistorius has begun the second week of his 30-day psychiatric evaluation, to see if he is suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Four experts are assessing the athlete to see if he can continue to stand trial, after he shot and killed his

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two,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strengthen pavement management,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], eliminate hidden dangers of accidents. High pressure group continue to maintain strict scrutiny, combined with the special rectification activities,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to maximize the police on the road, take the sentinel duty and mobile patrols combined service way,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the inventory and control of traffic order and field personnel, and inquiry into the past focus, while strengthening the traffic safety focus on the phases and the major sections of the prevention and control. A security check on the passenger vehicle station police organization into the passenger, the passenger driver safety education propaganda, serious violations of the passenger vehicle timely exposure, shock and education all drivers obey traffic rules.
,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strengthen the organization and leadership, enhance understanding. Group set up by the public security bureau deputy director Zhang Bing competent leader, Captain Wang Yintang and Secretary Zhao Junjie as deputy leader, group members of the other team members Neihuang "NPC and CPPCC" traffic security work leading group. Held a special meeting, the grim situation analysis of current,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], fully aware of the importance of "NPC and CPPCC" security work, overall arrangement, scientific deployment,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], clear work objectives,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the implementation of the target responsibility, do a solid job of road traffic security,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to maintain social stability, creating a good environment for the "road traffic NPC and CPPCC".
three, strengthen law enforcement, enhance service awareness. "NPC and CPPCC" period, Captain Wang Yintang continuously to carry out supervision and inspection of the duty squadron "NPC and CPPCC" during the duty card and law enforcement on road work, the problems of serious investigation. The card and the police to enforce the law strictly, civilized duty, keep a good state of mind. To neglect, responsibility heart is not strong, measures ineffective, duty system is not implemented,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the police is not timely, poor management caused serious road traffic congestion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], serious traffic accident occurred,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the brigade will be informed,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the relevant responsible persons shall be investigated for serious according to law.
four,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strengthen the duty system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], ensure the smooth flow of information. Brigade strict report system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], major issues of all kinds of unexpected or case, should be promptly reported to the superior department, will never allow any delay, omission or even hide not reported, make timely and accurate information feedback. Strengthen to be on duty work, strictly implement the system 24 hours a day and go out to leave the system, all the police to maintain the smooth flow of information, ensure that there is sufficient P >
the "NPC and CPPCC" is the National People's political life. In order to do the "road traffic security work NPC and CPPCC" period,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Anyang Neihuang County Traffic Police Brigade conscientiously sum up the Kunming "3.01" explosion fear and bloodshed lessons,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], coincide with the actual, make a serious study of traffic safety and security work plan,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], further strengthen management, enhance the security measures, to ensure the traffic safety situation stable Neihuang County "NPC and CPPCC" period.
Anonymous source: Anyang news network update time: 2014-3-10 15:41:03 Name: T|T
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India railway system, the fourth largest in the world. Only the outskirts of Mumbai in crowded, there are about 6000 people die every year across the railway. The report said: "this massacre no civilized society can accept railway system." The report points out, pedestrian crossing railway and killed, mostly because there is no bridges and other facilities in the vicinity.

Jamescrook

May I know it more about that